Of graduates working part time, 42% were doing so involuntarily. The differences in the proportion of men and women working part time involuntarily were not statistically significant at the college, bachelor’s and master’s levels (see Chart 1). However, at the doctoral level, men were more likely to work part time involuntarily than women. Over one-half (57%) of male doctoral graduates who were working part time were doing so involuntarily, compared with 28% of their female counterparts.

The French bourgeoisie do not understand that laïcité is a feature of the state, and that it is not the job of the state to make its citizens secular. Liberté implies people can be as religious or non-religious as they like, and the state must not impose that laïcité on people. That said, it is also wrong for a state to be a Christian state, a Jewish state, or an Muslim state. Religion is a quality of natural persons; it must not and cannot be a feature of any state that upholds the stated values of France.